施用生物菌剂对烤烟叶片生理特征及钾、氯含量的影响

为探讨不同生物菌剂在烤烟上的施用效果,选取烤烟品种秦烟96和豫烟6号为材料,设计了对照(T1)、生物菌剂A(T2)、生物菌剂B(T3)、生物菌剂C(T4)、生物菌剂D(T5)和生物菌剂E(T6)6个处理,于2016年在河南省洛阳市(旱作烟区)和驻马店市(雨养烟区)进行了田间试验,研究了施用生物菌剂对烤烟叶片生理特征及钾、氯含量的影响。结果表明:施用生物菌剂处理与对照相比烤烟叶片中可溶性糖的含量增加了0.38%～1.43%,丙二醛(MDA)含量降低了0.3～7.36μmol·g~(-1)。除雨养烟区T5处理外,与对照相比,施用生物菌剂处理烤烟叶片过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活性和过氧化物酶(POD)活性分别提高2.1～26.2μmol·min~(-1)·g~(-1),0.6～40 U·g~(-1)和546～2 531 U·g~(-1)。中部叶养分分析表明,施用生物菌剂处理在移栽后45 d(除雨养烟区T4处理外)全钾含量提高了0.42%～1.32%,移栽后60 d提高了0.03%～1.00%。从经济性状看,与对照相比,雨养烟区T3处理产值和上等烟比例分别增加14 708元·hm~(-2)和23.1%,旱作烟区T2处理产值和上等烟比例分别增加7 849元·hm~(-2)和13.7%。化学成分分析表明,雨养烟区T3处理和旱作烟区T2处理烟叶钾含量平均分别提高0.40%和0.57%,施用生物菌剂处理使烟叶化学成分更加协调。     

豆粕酶解发酵物对仔猪生长性能、血清指标及肠道菌群结构的影响

本试验旨在研究豆粕酶解发酵物对仔猪生长性能、血清指标及肠道菌群结构的影响。选用144头49日龄健康的"杜×长×大"三元杂交育肥仔猪,随机分为3组,每组6个重复,每个重复8头猪(公母各占1/2)。阴性对照组饲喂无抗生素添加的基础饲粮,抗生素对照组饲喂基础饲粮+60 g/t吉他霉素,试验组饲喂试验饲粮(基础饲粮中10%豆粕被豆粕酶解发酵物替代)。试验期为42 d。结果表明:1)试验组仔猪的末重、平均日增重、平均日采食量分别比阴性对照组高5.06%、10.07%、5.03%(P0.05),腹泻率比阴性对照组低39.59%(P0.05),与抗生素对照组相比各指标差异均不显著(P0.05)。2)试验组仔猪血清碱性磷酸酶和谷丙转氨酶活性、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均显著高于阴性对照组(P0.05),丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于阴性对照组(P0.05);试验组和抗生素对照组仔猪血清指标差异不显著(P0.05)。3)试验组仔猪盲肠、大肠中乳酸杆菌数量显著高于阴性对照组和抗生素对照组(P0.05),十二指肠中总细菌数显著低于阴性对照组和抗生素对照组(P0.05)。综上,豆粕酶解发酵物能提高仔猪生长性能,增强机体抗氧化能力,利于乳酸杆菌在肠道内形成优势菌群,降低腹泻率,生长性能达到使用抗生素水平。     

Effects of Adding Mannan Oligosaccharides to Diets with Different Concentrate to Forage Ratios on Ruminal Fermentation of Sheep in vitro

The test was aimed at determining the effects of adding MOS to diets with different concentrate to forage ratios on ruminal fermentation of sheep in vitro.The 4×6 two-factor experimental design was chosen.There were 4 diets with different concentrate to forage ratios(20:80, 30:70, 40:60 and 50:50) and added to 6 dosages MOS(0, 0.4%, 0.8%, 1.2%, 1.6% and 2.0%), respectively.The method of gas production in vitro was used to measure the total gas and CH₄ production, IVDMD, IVCPD and IVOMD after cultured for 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 h.The results showed that the gas(except 12 and 24 h) and CH₄ production(except 9 h) were not impacted by the two factors(P>0.05).The IVDMD, IVCPD and IVOMD were significantly affected by concentrate to forage ratios(P<0.05), while the IVCPD at 24 h was significantly affected by MOS(P<0.05).Meanwhile, all the indexes were not influenced by the interaction of two factors(P>0.05).The IVDMD and IVOMD increased with the rising of concentrate approximately, while the IVCPD decreased with the rising of MOS roughly.The biggest associative effect was gained in 30:70 concentrate to forage diet when adding 1.2% MOS.     

Asterosaponins: Structures,Taxonomic Distribution,Biogenesis and Biological Activities

Asterosaponins are a class of steroid oligoglycosides isolated from starfish with characteristic structures and diverse biological activities. In this review, we have attempted to combine the most important data concerning asterosaponins and give a list of these secondary metabolites with their structural peculiarities. The purpose of this review is to provide a brief but as complete as possible principal information about their chemical structures, taxonomic distribution in the marine environment, distribution in different geographical areas and depths, some properties, biological activities, and functions. Some other rare steroid metabolites from starfish, closely related in structures and probably biogenesis to asterosaponins, are also discussed.     

龙须藤茎皮甲醇提取物生物活性初探

龙须藤Bauhinia championii在医用方面已证实具有良好的抗菌、消炎作用,但其在农用方面的活性研究还鲜有报道。本研究分别采用菌丝生长速率法和种子生物测定法,首次测定龙须藤茎皮甲醇提取物及分离组分对6种农业有害真菌和单、双子叶两种植物的生物活性。结果表明,龙须藤甲醇浸提物对水稻稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe oryzae有一定的抑制效果,对油菜Brassica napus和稗草Echinochloa crusgalli的根芽均没有抑制作用。但其甲醇浸提物中分离的大部分组分对供试病原菌和植物的根芽都表现出一定抑制作用。杀菌活性方面:10号组分对西瓜枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum和番茄早疫病菌Alternaria solani的抑制效果最好,抑制率分别达到80.0%和78.0%,除草活性方面:1～3号组分对油菜根的抑制率较高,达到50%以上,2号组分对稗草根的抑制效果最好,达到68%。可见,龙须藤茎皮提取物中含有具有良好杀菌活性和除草活性的物质。     

星天牛生物防治研究进展

星天牛Anoplophora chinensis Forster为亚洲本土的林木钻蛀性害虫，近年来已入侵到一些欧洲国家，被列为重要的国际检疫对象。本文综述了国内外有关星天牛的自然天敌种类及其人工利用的研究进展。我国古代曾用黄猄蚁Oecophylla smaragdina Fabricius防治危害柑橘树的星天牛，近年来开展了野外释放天敌昆虫花绒寄甲Dastarcus helophoroides Fairmaire成虫和卵卡防治星天牛的实践，都取得了较好的防治效果。川硬皮肿腿蜂Sclerodermus sichuanensis Xiao对星天牛低龄幼虫具有一定的控制作用，天牛卵长尾啮小蜂Aprostocetus fukutai Miwa&Sonan显示出了良好的生物防治利用前景，在意大利对星天牛的卵寄生率最高达72%。一些欧洲本地拟寄生蜂种类，如柄腹茧蜂Spathius erythrocephalus Wesmael也可寄生入侵当地的星天牛自然种群。此外，利用昆虫病原微生物控制星天牛，也具有较好的防治前景，如用布氏白僵菌Beauveria brongniartii Petch制成的无纺布菌条已经在日本开发成为一种商品，真菌侵染可引起天牛高致死率。昆虫病原线虫夜蛾斯氏线虫Steinernema feltiae Filipjev和小卷蛾斯氏线虫S.carpocapsae Weiser也具有作为生物杀虫剂用于控制星天牛幼虫的开发前景。本文还讨论了目前星天牛生物防治中存在的不足及其原因，展望了今后研究的重点和方向。     

Effects of formic acid and potassium diformate on the fermentation quality,chemical composition and aerobic stability of alfalfa silage

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of potassium diformate (KDF) as a potential additive for alfalfa silage. Fresh alfalfa was untreated or treated with formic acid (4 g/kg fresh weight, FW) or three concentrations of KDF (4, 5.5 or 7 g/kg FW). After 60 days of ensiling, the addition of formic acid and greater levels of KDF (5.5 and 7 g/kg) effectively reduced silage pH and inhibited the undesirable bacteria, indicated by lower butyric acid, ethanol, ammonia N concentrations and microbial populations (including enterobacteria, yeasts, moulds and clostridia). Additives decreased the dry‐matter loss, and more water‐soluble carbohydrates were preserved in the silages with formic acid or potassium diformate than in the control. Alfalfa silages treated with formic acid at 4 g/kg FW or potassium diformate at 5.5 or 7 g/kg FW were classified as the highest quality silage based on the higher Flieg's point (above 70) and remained stable for more than 9 days during aerobic exposure. Potassium diformate is recommended as an effective additive for alfalfa silages at a level of 5.5 or 7 g/kg FW under the humid and hot conditions of southern China.     

Influence of Aguamiel (Agave atrovirens) as a Natural Feed Additive on Cecal Fermentation Kinetics of Some Forage Species in Horse Feeding

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different dose levels of aguamiel (Agave atrovirens) on in vitro cecal gas, methane (CH₄), and carbon dioxide (CO₂) productions of five forage species (Avena sativa [hay]), Moringa oleifera, Caesalpinia coriacea, Salix babylonica, and Eichhornia crassipes using inocula from the horse. The forage samples were incubated with three doses of aguamiel: 0, 34, and 68 μg of aguamiel/g dry matter (DM) of substrate. Cecal inocula were collected from four adult female Criolla horses (3–4 years of age and weighing 300 ± 15.0 kg) grazed on native grasses for about 8 hours without supplementation. Forage type affected (P < .001) cecal asymptotic, rate and lag time of gas, CH₄ and CO₂ productions (mL/g DM), pH and DM degradability. Aguamiel dose had linear and quadratic effects (P < .05) on the asymptotic and rate of CH₄ productions and rate and lag time of CO₂ productions (mL/g DM). Forage type × aguamiel dose interactions were significant (P < .05) for asymptotic, rate and lag time of gas, and CH₄ and CO₂ productions (mL/g DM). Forage species effects were pronounced (P < .05) on CH₄ and CO₂ productions (mL/g incubated and degraded DM) and proportional CH₄ production at all hours of incubation, except for CO₂ production (mL/g incubated DM). Aguamiel dose affected (P < .05) CO₂ production (mL/g incubated DM) and proportional CO₂ production at the incubated hours. Forage type × aguamiel dose interactions were observed (P < .05) for CO₂ production (mL/g incubated DM) and proportional CO₂ production at the incubated hours but had no impact on CH₄ production. It is concluded that addition of aguamiel to five forage species affected fermentation kinetics of gas production resulting in different in vitro cecal gas, CH₄ and CO₂ productions from these substrates.     

不同年代大丽轮枝菌菌株的生物学特性和ISSR分析

 为了探究不同年代的大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium dahliae Kleb.)菌株生物学特性和遗传多样性方面的差异,本文以我国黄河流域和长江流域主产棉区6个省的不同年代大丽轮枝菌菌株为研究对象,观察培养性状,测定致病类型(致病力、落叶型),同时采用ISSR指纹图谱分析其遗传多样性。结果显示,不同年代大丽轮枝菌之间菌丝生长速率无显著差异,但菌核型菌株所占比例有减少趋势;2007~2009年和2017年的菌株全部为落叶型菌株,而1983~2000年的菌株中落叶型菌株仅占28.6%,表明随着年代的推移,黄河流域和长江流域的落叶型菌株所占比例呈上升趋势;不同年代菌株之间致病力存在显著差异,1983~2000年、2007~2009年和2017年的菌株中强致病力类型菌株分别占21.4%、25.0%和38.9%,仅有的5株弱致病力类型菌株均为1983~2000年的菌株;与2000年后的菌株相比,1983~2000年的菌株,Nei′s基因多样性指数为0.205 1,Shannon信息指数为0.299 0,表现出更丰富的多样性,利用NTSYS软件和Structure软件对ISSR指纹图谱进行聚类分析,两种方法均将所有供试菌株分为4个类群,且聚类结果与致病力和不同年代之间均具有一定的相关性,与地理来源无明显相关性。本研究结果表明,过去30年间我国黄河流域和长江流域棉田黄萎病菌落叶型和强致病力类型菌株所占比例逐渐升高,且不同年代和不同致病力的菌株在遗传上有差异,为进一步探究大丽轮枝菌的遗传与进化奠定了基础。     

响应面法优化绿色木霉产孢子固体发酵培养基

为探讨绿色木霉固体发酵产孢子的最佳发酵培养基。运用响应面法设计试验,筛选出主要影响因子碳酸钙、硫酸铵及氯化锰,以孢子量为响应值建立二次回归方程,并借助Design Expert 8.0.6软件进行分析数据并确定优化条件。结果表明,在温度28℃,接种量15%,料水比1:0.70的培养条件下发酵7天,孢子量为8.505×10⁹CFU/g。通过优化,最终确定最佳发酵配方为：麸皮（过40目筛）50%,稻壳粉（过20目筛）30%,玉米粉（过80目筛）20%,硫酸铵1.08%,黄豆饼粉2.00%,玉米浆干粉2.00%,碳酸钙0.55%,氯化锰0.37%,pH 6.0~7.0。该配方所用原料廉价易得,发酵水平高,为大规模工业化生产提供保障。